E-commerce innovation Essay Example for Free

E-commerce innovation Essay Abstract The 21st century has been an era of technological development. Life has been a huge success it is possible to get almost anything that you want. Business done through the aid of an internet is called electronic commerce. This kind of business has boomed in the 21st century with the massive availability of personal computers and laptops. Anyone who has been into shopping online will not miss e-bay. E-bay is one shopping center online that has recently been a favorite of those who loves to do shopping without a hassle. E-bay has been in the business for twelve years. This study embark upon the organizational framework of e-bay that aid them in generating more than they have imagined and the organizational strategies of e-bay. Anyone who gets into business has only one thing in mind, success. Success for one business depends on a lot of factors. Apart from its product, the management and the team behind it matters most. This holds true especially for the e-commerce business because this needs a lot of effort on the part of the management to make it appealing to online customers and to make it worthy of trust of many to believe and give their credit card numbers and trust it with money matters. eBay offers more than just a place for auction; they have numerous programs that cater to the need of its client. E-bay has not only conquered North America but also Asia and Europe. The analysis of the organizational strategies of e-bay was done by doing a content analysis of the documents released regarding their system of management. Introduction The 21st century has been an era of technological development. Life has been a huge success it is possible to get almost anything that you want. Development has been continuous and this is not going to stop. Each tries to adapt to the changes that happens in his life and he has to deal with it. Everything happens in the internet, anything that one could think of. There is internet shopping, online education and internet banking and so many more. Since the time internet came into being; information gathering has never been easy. Nowadays, we can get all information that we need with just one snap of the finger. Name the service that you want and the internet has it. You need to study? The web has a site for online education. Need help on money matters? There’s online banking. You would like to shop but have no time to stand up from your work? Even shopping can be done online. Doing business online is termed as e-commerce or e-business. Examples of internet websites that cater to e-commerce business would be commercial sites like Amazon.com, Buy.com, and eBay (Sharpened, 2002). Within these sites, one could do online shopping. Business done through the aid of an internet is called electronic commerce. This kind of business has boomed in the 21st century with the massive availability of personal computers and laptops. Forrester research has recorded total of $12.2 billion sales in 2003 contributed by e-commerce industry (Wikipedia). E-commerce was introduce in the seventies and has evolved in its use since. In the seventies it was only use for transferring of funds and data electronically to aid companies. Then in the eighties the growth of automated teller machines and online banking was because of e-commerce as well. In the nineties, shopping online was the other kind of e-commerce that was introduced in the business (Wikipedia). Anyone who has been into shopping online will not miss e-bay. E-bay is one shopping center online that has recently been a favorite of those who loves to do shopping without a hassle. E-bay has been in the business for twelve years. This company has been a fruit of a trial and error of three prominent people in the business now. The three icons of e-bay are Pierre Omidyar, Meg Whitman and Jim Griffith. These three have made a beautiful outcome of a trial business that has been a very good decision. If to be compared to its contemporary e-commerce websites that were born the same time that they were, their capitalization is twenty five percent more than that of its counterpart (Maney, 2005). What is the secret behind e-bay’s success? What is the organizational framework of e-bay that aid them in generating more than they have imagined in a business that some has notes as skeptical? What could be the organizational strategies of e-bay? Literature Review Anyone who gets into business has only one thing in mind, success. Success for one business depends on a lot of factors. Apart from its product, the management and the team behind it matters most. This holds true especially for the e-commerce business because this needs a lot of effort on the part of the management to make it appealing to online customers and to make it worthy of trust of many to believe and give their credit card numbers and trust it with money matters. Companies try to always to check their management system is helping flourish their business. Business strategies are needed to make sure that one stays in the market long. To make sure that everything is in order, one needs to check if its employees are able to meet up the standards set by the company. The development of the use of corporate code of conducts to govern the behavior of employees has flourished since the passage of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) in 1977. Back then this code of conducts or corporate social responsibility (CSR) was seen as explicit directives for the employees but today employers were able to understand that these are helpful tools in handling their employees and making their work advantageous for the company. Culture set the business behavior that surrounds a corporations code of conduct. Factors that are included are the way we comprehend the environment, how we use time and power, how we perceive space and structures. Also included is our perception of collective and individual task or relationships. If manage properly, CSR can help in fulfilling economic, social and environmental ambitions. Vital part of corporate governance will include the way codes of conduct are integrated in their operations. To make sure that a global company is competing ethically and effectively, one needs to make sure that the company’s code of conduct are made known to their employees so that they could incorporate it in their way of working (Wozniak, 1997). HSBC is one organization that provides banking and financial services that is doing its best to make up for all the losses and is giving a promising return to its consumers. They might not be the largest company but they have been awarded a couple of excellence award because of their great customer relation and promising return of investments. HSBC has now what a strategic plan they named Managing for Growth. HSBC has lay down their ways for achieving their objective of having an accelerated their rate of revenue. They still have to develop their brand strategy and improve their productivity at the same time maintaining strong position regarding management risk and financial aspect. Employees are also part of those that needs enhancing to make sure that they will be successful in achieving their goals. Part of the company’s plan is giving good rewards to those employees who will achieve the criteria that they have set (HSBC fact sheet, 2006). Every company has their own strategy but the burden lies in properly executing this strategies. Chapman (2004) has concluded that almost ninety percent of companies fail in properly executing their strategies. Studies show that when CEO’s who have failed have been interviewed said that the thing that led them to downfall was the bad execution of strategies that they have formulated. Only fourteen percent of those included in Times 1000 companies have commented that they are implementing good strategies. (Chapman, 2004) Proper management of business and financial risk is needed in order to ensure that an industry like the online shopping and any traditional company associated with it is here to stay. It is easy to acquire a debt but maintaining its positive impact in one company needs a lot of effort and planning. Business risk should be managed well and risk should be realigned in a way to cut costs; Optimized firm’s operating and financing costs; Trade off fixed charge and variable charge costs; Risk management; and when to increase and decrease risk. (Brackers, 2004) Methodology Analysis of the organizational strategies of e-bay by doing a content analysis of the documents released regarding their system of management. Findings / Results E-bay is a phenomenal hit when it comes to online shopping. Their organizational structure is just the same with other big companies. Reports shows that executives of this big company has still the traditional job titles but with a little modification with their job descriptions. To make an organizational structure of an online shopping business advantageous one needs to put more emphasis on its account management and customer relationship manpower (Keen and Qureshiï€ ª, 2006). Most of e-bays top ranking officials are graduates of good international universities and they have satisfactory working experiences as well. Most of them have taken a degree from Stanford University. E-bay has not only conquered North America but also Asia and Europe. There were twelve countries included in the Asian region, thirteen in the European region, greater part of Canada and United States (http://pages.ebay.com/aboutebay/thecompany/companyoverview.html). eBay offers more than just a place for auction; they have numerous programs that cater to the need of its client. These services include The eBay Marketplace, this is where customers could buy and sell their products; PayPal, aids in online monetary transactions of companies and individuals; Skype, is the program of e-bay that is focus on internet communication; Shopping.com, as name implies this is a site for shopping and more shopping that is; Rent.com, is the online apartment listing of eBay in the United States; and Online Classifieds, is a part of the eBay program that is an aid on the communication on a local level. (http://pages.ebay.com/aboutebay/thecompany/companyoverview.html). As recorded, the total number of eBay users worldwide has reach one hundred eighty one million. This total number of users has given eBay total revenue of $44.3 billion in 2005. The good quality of the developer of eBay is that they never loose hope despite all the adversities that they had. They wee also well in choosing in whom to put in specific spots that they needed. Pierre Omidyar, the chairman of eBay, has made a good choice when he chose Meg Whitman to handle his company. Advertisements play a major role in the success of one company as they help in creating public awareness. The first PR Manager of eBay has shown her passion for her work by creating a very good â€Å"myth† about the company. She has used every advertisement techniques to make a good reputation for the company. This good reputation of the company has been a collaboration of good advertisement techniques and good feedback of the services that they provide (Maney, 2005). Customer relationship is an important aspect in retaining customers; this could be achieved by providing a fast and reliable service. Omidyar has commented that aside from carefully managing their employees, the success of e-bay could be attributed to the right decision prowess of its CEO, Whitman. She was able to understand well that an online auction web also needs guiding and understanding the growing community of eBay sellers. Whitman’s strategy in managing the organization was being flexible and keeping in phase with the fast movement of the business (Maney, 2005). The total crash of the eBay sites that happened last June 10, 1999 has humbled the company and has teach the company on some pints regarding taking care of their system and clients as well. The system has crashed for a total of twenty-two hours. They had contacted all those affected by the system crash and this has made a direct impact on the customers, making them feel like they were really an important element of the organization. eBay has let the customers help themselves by providing a framework of a self-serve site. eBay has been an icon in the online business that even school try to use the site to teach students about e-commerce (Johnston, 2002). Conclusions/ Recommendations Any business needs an amount of risk and determination to succeed. The capital is one important factor that determines the future of one industry that is why it is important that the amount invested in any given company or business is carefully monitored if it is being use to the fullest and if it will augment to all the needs needed to make it. The capital of one company could be handled well if they have the right organizational strategies. In electronic business the common problems that may arise will be rejection of service attacks, viruses, obliteration, and theft of their intellectual property. These problems could be prevented if the organization has good managerial considerations and technical options. There should be a balance between internal and external security management (Greiger and Wegman., 2002). Each component contributes to the behavior of the system. No component has an independent effect on the system. The behavior of the system is changed if any component is removed or changed. The system has an outside an environment which provides inputs into the system and receives outputs from the system. All customers want a company that would work to their advantage without any surprises regarding deals made between him and the financial company. They would love someone who could provide them and first-rate service and a bank that has security that they could provide service for a long time. Money matter is one issue among the working citizens that requires them to think a hundred times before getting the service of any financial company. There are a lot of companies that tries to persuade them to invest in their company and that they will be getting their money’s value. Assessing one program’s effectiveness is crucial to its success. Evaluations of the advertisements and marketing strategy could guide the company if there adjustments are needed. Evaluation of the trend of existing customers would be one way of checking if objectives are being met. This could be on the form of surveys and questionnaires regarding how they foresee the services being provided. The key to a successful partnership is inter-dependency. In choosing an e-commerce site that would provide the services needed by one person, they must make sure that they are dealing with the best in the field. A customer must make sure that they are entrusting their money with the correct organization, whenever it is the traditional way or online. Reference Brackers, Kevin. (2004). Chapter 13: Capital Restructure. Pittsburg State University. Retrieved September 18, 2006 from http://www.pittstate.edu/econ/ch12326.html Chapman, Alan. (2004). Strategy Implementation and Realization. Farsight Leadership Ltd. Businessball.com. Retrieved September 18, 2006 from http://www.businessballs.com/businessstrategyimplementation.htm Greiger, Joseph and Jerry Wegman. (2002). Small Business and E-Commerce: Strategic and Legal Concerns. University of Idaho. Retrieved September 17, 2006 from http://www.cbe.uidaho.edu/wegman/geiger-wegman%202002%20website.htm HSBC fact sheet. 2006. HSBC Global Site. Retrieved September 17, 2006 from http://www.hsbc.com/hsbc/investor_centre/fast-facts Johnston, Timothy C. (2002). Using E-bay to teach E-commerce. The University of Tennessee at Martin. Retrieved September 18, 2006 from http://www.utm.edu/staff/johnston/papers/ebayteachec.doc Keen, Peter and Sajda Qureshiï€ ª. (2006). Organizational Transformation through Business Models: A Framework for Business Model Design. Proceedings of the 39th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Retrieved September 18, 2006 from http://www.hicss.hawaii.edu/HICSS39/Best%20Papers/OS/08-14 05.pdf#search=organizational%20framework%20of%20ebay Maney, Kevin. (2005). 10 years ago, eBay changed the world. USA Today. Retrieved September 18, 2006 from http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2005-03-21-ebay-cover_x.htm Miner, John B. (2005) Organizational Behavior I: Essential Theories of Motivation and Leadership. HF5549 2005-003746 0-7656-1523-1 Sharpe, Inc. Reference Research Book News. Retrieved September 18, 2006 from http://www.findarticles.com/p/search?tb=artqt=Organizational+behavior+/+Analysis Sharpened Productions. (2006). Definition of E-commerce. Retrieved September 18, 2006 from http://www.sharpened.net/glossary/definition.php?ecommerce The Ebay company. Retrieved September 18, 2006 from http://pages.ebay.com/aboutebay/thecompany/companyoverview.html Wikipedia. (2006) E-commerce. Retrieved September 17, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_commerce Wozniak, Lynne. (1997) International Business Ethics: When a Corporate Code of Conduct is Not Enough.. Relocation Journal Real Estate News. Retrieved September 17, 2006 from http://www.relojournal.com/july97/ethics.htm

Containment Early Cold war Essay -- miscellaneous

Containment Early Cold war In the early years of the Cold War, both the Truman and Eisenhower administrations pursued a policy of containment to counter perceived Soviet aggression. Generally, the presidential administrations pursued this policy to maintain stability in the international arena, to maintain a balance of power, and also in a sense, to express disapproval of totalitarian, non-democratic regimes. Containment was expressed through a variety of policies and institutions: economic, political and, of course, military. The ways the early presidential administrations defined and implemented containment strategy inevitably changed in focus, importance, and emphasis over time. While both external and internal reasons accounted to an extent for the specifics of the containment policies of both administrations, the Truman administration was more concerned with maintaining a balance of power within the international community than necessarily appeasing internal pressures, especially fiscal pressures. The Eis enhower administration, on the other hand, assigned a greater importance to domestic politics in formulating its containment policies. First I will outline the differences of the two administrations, and then I will argue that the differences in the two administrations stem from their predominant influences: whereas external threats mainly shaped the Truman administration's containment policy, internal politics mainly shaped the Eisenhower administration's containment policy. First of all, both administrations had different economic priorities. Although Truman was concerned about keeping taxes low and government spending capped, he also saw the need for military expenditures in Europe and Asia to keep an adequate balance of power. Truman implemented an assortment of aid packages to Europe and Asia, in effect, to help those countries help themselves. He saw economic stability as essential for peace and stability in the intentional arena. Moreover, he saw giving aid to these countries as a way to subtly influence the ideology of their constituents. Furthermore, Truman accepted ongoing government economic intervention as an appropriate way to direct resources within the economy. Eisenhower, on the other hand, was more interested in a conservative fiscal policy, and tight control on government spending. He was more intent on trading with the countrie... ...endencies, they took their influence for policy from different sources. Thus, their foreign policy had a different approach. The Truman administration was more concerned with Stalin’s expansionist tendencies, and sought to contain him by the best means possible, which he considered to be conventional warfare. Truman used rhetoric and threat to sell his policy to Congress and the American people, because his policy was expensive. Eisenhower, on the other hand, was more concerned with his popularity and cutting taxes than pursuing expensive overseas militaries. He was able to cut costs by using nuclear capabilities as a deterrent against the Soviets. Thus, he used a more capital-intensive, and less labor-intensive means to detract Soviet expansion. Because he was able to cut costs so effectively, it was not as important for him to sell him policy to the public. That is namely why Eisenhower was such a popular president. References www.globalsecurity.org/military/ library/report/1992/MJA.htm www.nwc.navy.mil/CNCSCaseStudies/cases/case09.htm www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/truman/ regentsprep.org/Regents/ushisgov/themes/ presidentialactions/commander.cfm

Nature vs. Nurture in Oliver Twist Essay

Out of all the questions that anyone may have for the novel, Oliver Twist, one of the more common questions that can occur is; â€Å"What determines a person’s personality, decisions, actions, etc. Is nature to blame? Or is it nurture’s fault?† Seeing as though Oliver was orphaned at birth and never had a real mother or siblings to look up to, this essay will focus on the nurture section of the question. Nurture, by definition, is the value of experiences, cultural influences, and learned actions/reactions in a growing offspring’s life. Nature is defined as the qualities with which people are born (including genetic make-up, stable personality traits, â€Å"animals instincts†, etc.) Oliver had many bad influences to decide that it may have been nature that had affected him the most in this situation. In all cases, the nature vs. nurture debate is one and the same. Caring for a child most assiduously is very important, according to the definition of nurture, and within the story of Oliver Twist, the child never seemed to receive proper nurturing from any of the parochial people or thieves that he had accompanied. Dickens writes the character of Oliver in a way that seems to cement his stance in nature’s court; that Oliver appears to be an innately good person. His experiences in the workhouse, the abuse he has to endure from Mr. Bumble and other characters, and his exposure to a life of crime does not make Oliver turn from good to bad. However, to assume that Dickens supports the idea that only nurture is responsible for determining a person’s personality would be incorrect. In fact, other characters within the novel, assert that they are products of their environments. This means that characters such as Nancy, the Artful Dodger, and others have been molded by their experiences, which clearly supports nurture’s side of the debate. From a scientific point of view, most psychologists agree that neither nature nor nurture can be held completely responsible for the shaping of a person’s personality. When faced with the nature vs. nurture debate in real situations, it is typically assumed that personality can be attributed partly to nature and partly to nurture. At first glance many of Dickens’s characters appear to favor either nature or nurture, but further investigation shows that each character embodies traits that can be attributed to both. In Oliver Twist, Dickens draws the attention to numerous issues. For example, there is a very clear theme of disapproval of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act (and its accompanying effects) throughout then novel. And while most of the other issues that Dickens includes in his writing are societal, he does bring up an interesting debate that has psychological roots. Although Oliver is surrounded by horrible situations, Dickens still had a tone of hope underscoring it all. At points, there were questions if that was because the reader knew what would happen in the end. But Dickens intended Oliver Twist to be somewhat humorous. For example, by illustrating the dichotomy of the wealthy, fat parish leaders feasting while orphaned workhouse children starve on gruel. In conclusion, both sides to the debate of whether or not Oliver was most affected by nature or nurture remains to the opinion of the reader. Of course there may be certain circumstances as to which side the reader may favor and Dickens had probably pursued that route, intending for the reader to decide Oliver’s fate. The nature vs. nurture argument pertains to anyone who wishes for a good debate in their reading selections of Charles Dickens.

Sir Gawain And The Green Knight - 862 Words

In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, by an unknown author referred to as the â€Å"Pearl Poet,† we are introduced to Sir Gawain. Gawain is a knight of the Round Table and he is also the nephew of King Arthur. As a knight, Gawain is expected to possess and abide by many chivalrous facets. Throughout the poem he portrays many of the qualities a knight should possess, such as bravery, courtesy, and honor among others. Because of his ability to possess these virtues even when tempted to stray away from them, Sir Gawain is a true knight. Gawain’s first portrayal of being a true knight comes when the Green Knight makes his appearance in Camelot. The Green Knight first speaks to King Arthur and proposes that they play a â€Å"game.† Arthur will strike the Green Knight with his axe, and in return the Green Knight will return the strike in a year and a day. King Arthur agrees to this game and its terms, but as he steps up to accept the challenge, Gawain comes forward and o ffers to participate in the â€Å"game† in place of King Arthur. Sir Gawain says to King Arthur, â€Å"I implore with prayer plain that this match should now be mine† (341-342). Gawain goes on to strike the Green Knight, cutting off his head. However, the strike does not kill the Green Knight; he picks up his head from the ground and repeats to Sir Gawain that he will return the blow in a year and a day. In this moment, Gawain’s bravery is clearly showcased. First, he takes a challenge in place of his king, which he did not have to do.Show MoreRelatedSir Gawain And The Green Knight1359 Words   |  6 PagesIn the poem â€Å"Sir Gawain and The Green Knight,† a protagonist emerges depicting an Arthurian knight named Sir Gawain. Sir Gawain, King Arthur’s nephew, takes initiative by accepting the challenge requested by the Green Knight in place of his uncle. He undergoes a perilous adventure, seeking for the Green Knight to receive the final blow. Alt hough Sir Gawain is not viewed as a hero for his military accomplishments, he is, however, viewed as a heroic figure by the Knights at the Round Table for hisRead MoreSir Gawain and the Green Knight1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe poem of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight compares a super natural creature to nature. The mystery of the poem is ironic to the anonymous author. The story dates back into the fourteenth century, but no one knows who originally wrote the poem. This unknown author explains in the poem of Sir Gawain not knowing of the location of the Green Chapel and or who the Green Knight really is. This keeps the reader entertained with the suspicion of not knowing. The author then does not give his name orRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight contains ambiguity and irony that make it interesting to read and teach. Gawain’s conflict arose when he accepted the girdle that could protect him and when he lied to his host, severing fellowship with the lord for courtesy with the lady. By utilizing a social reconstructionist philosophy of teaching that emphasizes personal beliefs and ethics, a teacher will help the students establish their identities and learn to appreciate classic literature. Sir Gawain and theRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1514 Words   |  7 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight is an epic poem written in the mid to late fourteenth century by an unknown author. Throughout the tale, Sir Gawain, a Knight at the Round Table in Camelot, is presented with many hardships, the first being a challenge on Christmas by a man in which, â€Å"Everything about him was an elegant green† (161). This â€Å"Green Knight† challenged someone in Camelot to accept his game which they will chop off his head with his axe and the Green Knight will do the same to the playerRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1335 Words   |  6 PagesSir Gawain: The Ironic Knigh t Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a tale of the utmost irony in which Sir Gawain, the most loyal and courteous of all of King Arthur’s knights, fails utterly to be loyal and courteous to his king, his host, his vows, and his God. In each case, Sir Gawain not only fails to perform well, but performs particularly poorly, especially in the case of his relationship with God. Ultimately, Sir Gawain chooses magic over faith, and by doing so, shows his ironic nature as aRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight906 Words   |  4 Pagesusually the latter. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight we see Sir Bertilak go off to hunt three very specific animals as a game with Sir Gawain. They agree that â€Å"what ever [Bertilak catches] in the wood shall become [Sir Gawain’s], and what ever mishap comes [Sir Gawain’s] way will be given to [Bertilak] in exchange.† (Sir Gawain†¦, ln 1105-1007). In this deal we slowly see Gawain loose his honor as paralleled with Sir B ertilak’s hunt. The first animal that is hunted by the knight is a deer, while thisRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesFall 16 Donnelly Many years ago, knights were expected to form a certain type of relationship with their king, this relationship was otherwise known as fealty. Fealty is a knight’s sworn loyalty to their king (in other words a loyal relationship should be formed between the two). The use of this relationship is shown in the poem called â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† ( the author is unknown). 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Many of the basic principles that describe heroes in Medieval Literature are seen in both of these characters even though they were written in different times. There are distinct similarities, differences, and also a progression of what the hero was in English literature, between Sir Gawain andRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1152 Words   |  5 PagesIn the medieval poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, translated by Brian Stone, the idea of righteousness pervades Sir Gawain’s quest. The poem was first written in Arthurian England, where the knights are expected to follow the code of chivalry, which te lls them how to behave. Sir Gawain, the main character, is no exception, as every decision he makes follows that code of chivalry, save one. He is then punished for that one foolish choice, suggesting that a man must strive to be chivalrous, even

Without Seeing the Dawn Book Report - 1064 Words

Clarence Delano B. Juanico 7-Tindalo Novel Report in PLE (Philippine Language in Literature) Without Seeing the Dawn I. Author’s Background Stevan Javellana was born in 1918 in Iloilo. He fought as a guerilla during the Japanese invasion of the Philippines. After the World War II, he graduated from the University of the Philippines College of Law in 1948. He stayed in the United States afterwards but he died in the Visayas in 1977 at the age of 59. II. Setting Village of Manhayang- Carding was given birth in this village; they had a farm but were taken by Don Diego. Iloilo City- Carding went to Iloilo city with his wife to find a job. He worked as a Stevedore and met Nestong the strongest man before†¦show more content†¦This made him mad that he wanted to kill all the Japanese even if he swore to never touch a gun again. Then there was a mission that he was needed to burn the Japanese ammunition dump. There he met Rosing again but he was married to Nestong, she was a prostitute. Rosing still loves him that she burned the ammunition dump by herself. Carding and Rosing got arrested because Nestong reported to the police. Carding got out after a few days but Rosing got her head cut off. He came back and was promoted as the lieutenant. His army prepared for a fight without guns, Carding led them. They the villagers to go to the nearby village but Lucing stayed and he prayed until the first gunshot was heard. V. Theme A friend can be an enemy Carding’s uncle and his friend, Polo, worked for the Japanese against them. VI. Motif Journey- Carding and Lucing went to different places. They tried to live in different places nut ended up in the village. Love- He married Lucing but he also loved Rosing. Death- Many people died because there was a war that time. Rape- Many got raped by the Japanese like Lucing. VII. Symbol Rosing- She symbolizes life of a prostitute. VIII. Reaction I love the book Without Seeing the Dawn. Even if it was quite long, I love it because of its story. The story consists of different parts of our life. I love it because it teaches our history. I love books that teach history. It is quite easy to understand but it is not for kids especially theShow MoreRelatedShort Story1651 Words   |  7 PagesBellowed, Ramsay, with such intensity each syllable reverberates off the walls. Without provocation, he shouts the words again and again as he sat alone in his office organizing the paper clutter on his desk. Less than a second after his outburst, he heard a voice rise from the floor - â€Å"Sir, that’s an odd remark for a Class A humanoid to say.† Startled, Ramsay jumped to his feet; his flaming red synthetic wig flew to the floor. Scanning the area close to his desk, for his wig and the voice, hisRead MoreThemes in the Writing of Edgar Allan Poe that Mirror his Personal Life1379 Words   |  6 Pageswhen she was 13yrs old; she dies in 1847 from a long and hard battle with tuberculosis. 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Managing Up Unit 1 Psmp Assignment Wanna Case Study Review...

Reading Wanna, J 2007, ‘Improving federalism: drivers of change, repair options and reform scenarios’, Australian Journal of Public Administration, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 275 – 279. Purpose (What is the author’s aim? For example, is the piece descriptive or does it summarise the literature or introduce a new argument? Is the author trying to convince, persuade, or inform the reader? Use a verb.) (59) The author aims to inform the reader of the strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for reform of federalism by summarizing the discussions of the round table held in May 2007. Argument/Finding (What position did the author take? What were their main points? What are their claims/conclusions?) (75) The focus of debate surrounded†¦show more content†¦Use correct reference format, see Section 5.10 of this guide. (The two citations are not included in your word count but your comments are)). (41 + 75) A Twomey and G Withers, Federalist Paper 1 – Australia’s Federal Future, Council for the Australian Federation, April 2007, p 15. Title of consider Where there are problems, they are often with the way the Australian federal system operates, rather than with federalism itself. Rather than criticising our federal system, we should be working to make better use of its advantages†¨in order to improve our prosperity. In particular, the reform of the allocation of powers and responsibilities between the Commonwealth and the States, and reform of fiscal federalism, are desperately needed. (Twomey and Withers, 2007) Twomey and Withers argue the approach of strategic pragmatism as outlined in Wanna’s paper. The basis of their position is that the federalism structure is unlikely to be subject to major redesign and the discussion should focus on improving current operation. Commonwealth Government, Budget Paper No 3: Australia’s Federal Relations, 2009-10, 12 May 2009, p 7. Federations work best when the roles and responsibilities of each jurisdiction are clear and good public accountability mechanisms allow the community to hold the appropriate level of government to account for the quality and efficiency of the services delivered and outcomes

Mixed Messages in Greek Theatre an Examination of Vases and Written Histories Essay Example For Students

Mixed Messages in Greek Theatre: an Examination of Vases and Written Histories Essay No one fully understands the nature of ancient Greek theatre. The barriers that stand between the scholars of the Twentieth Century and the truth of the theatrical practices of 5th and 4th centuries B. C. Athens are: 2,500 years of divergent cultures, incomplete collections of plays, vases, figurines, and theatre spaces, and a lack of the proper tools with which the evidence can be examined. Yet, hypotheses can be formulated, conclusions drawn, and understanding strengthened by undertaking a thorough and painstaking analysis of all the available data. A limited understanding of the Greek theatre is the ltimate promise of this continuing research. However, seeking this restricted perspective is clearly the only choice for those who have discovered the provocative remains of a great lost theatre. Deciding what can be learned from ancient vases is a difficult problem for experts and novices alike. Questions pertaining to theatre further complicate matters with the added condition that the vase must be depicting a scene that is theatrical in nature. Green asserts that the ancient artists were not at work to provide visual aids for textbooks and lectures. We will write a custom essay on Mixed Messages in Greek Theatre: an Examination of Vases and Written Histories specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We can, with care, use them in that way as aids to a modern imagination (Green 1995, p. 3). Greens statement brings to light the importance of cautious research into this area of history, especially keeping in mind the context in which the vases were made and used. Certainly, vases exist which are, as Green explains it, inescapably linked to the theatre. A sample of these well-understood vases is examined below. Historians often agree on the subject matter of certain Greek vases because of one or more distinguishing qualities like the presence of masks, staging, inscriptions of the names of characters, and elaborate costuming. A neck-amphora by the Ixion Painter (c. 350 B. C. Kiel, private collection) represents an actor with the satyr mask he has been wearing drawn up on top of his head (Trendall 1989, p. 161). An Apulian bell-krater by the Tarporley Painter (400-380 B. C. , Sydney 47. 05) depicts three chorusmen for a satyr play (Trendall 1971 p. 29). Two of the men hold their masks while the third begins to dance near a tambourine, the instrument further supporting the theatrical nature of the vase. All authors cited agree that the presence of masks is theatrical. Assertions are easily made in the presence of staging, inscriptions, and elaborate costumes. One Apulian bell-krater (380-370 B. C. , London B. M. F. 151) depicts a phlyax play and represents a wooden stage and masks of comic actors. An inscription describes the main character as Cheiron. The fourth vase to be considered is equally uncontested in its theatrical nature. A Paestan bell-krater, signed by Python, (c. 425 B. C. , London F. 149) illustrates Euripides Alkmene with the conventions of elaborate dress and foot-wear and the names of each major character inscribed above his head. Even the most cautious historian is swayed to believe that this vase is theatrical. Although the reliability of most of the Greek vases as sources of theatre history is ebatable, as is the reliability of the historians reporting on those vases. Eight vases examined in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston are discussed here with respect to what can be understood from the primary source and the accompanying commentaries. Looking at the actual vases offers a far more vivid perspective than any high quality photograph can capture. The detail of the rich costumes is often lost, evidence of sometimes-fraudulent restorations is made clear, and the elements accentuated with color are given their due attention by the observer. The vases themselves, after all, are the true sources of all subsequent iscussion. An Attic red-figured bell-krater by Lykaon Painter (440 B. C. , Boston 00. 346), according to Trendall 1971 p. 62, is a scene in Aeschylus Toxotides. On it, Actaion is being attacked by dogs. The presence of Zeus and Lyssa is evidence relating the vase to the play. The other data used for this linkage are the tragic costuming, Aktaions special horn mask, and the inscriptions over the actors, including one that identifies the main figure as Euaion, the son of Aeschylus. The reverse side shows two women and a youth conversing, but neither the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston nor Trendall addresses this half of the vase. Less dramatic visually, the reverse side may still depict an important dialogue in the play or perhaps audience members reacting to the performance. Notably, Trendall claims that this vase is a depiction of a scene in performance, not merely a representation of the story. Trendall asserts that a Faliscan kalyx-krater by the Nazzano Painter (c. 375 B. C. , Boston 1970. 487) is probably derived from a stage production of Euripides Telephos (Trendall 1971, p. 104). The vase lacks inscriptions, but the ornate costuming, including decorated boots and drapery seem to indicate tragic conventions. Again, however, no mention is made by the museum or Trendall on the contents of the reverse side which, in this case, is a scene with satyrs and Dionysus. The presence of satyrs and the god may indicate a theatrical scene or merely the visitation of Dionysus. The possibility is never examined by Trendall. .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4 , .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4 .postImageUrl , .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4 , .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4:hover , .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4:visited , .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4:active { border:0!important; } .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4:active , .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4 .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udb440ea365f54550539564bedc4aa3a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genetics EssayAlso, the museum highlights the side A with a special spot-light, sending the back-side into darkness and leaving the complete story left untold. An even more abstract specimen is conveniently categorized by Trendall as having a theatrical nature (Trendall 1971, p. 66). The Attic red-figured pyxis-lid by Aison (450-425 B. C. , Boston 04. 8) is a small lid possibly showing Odysseus coming out of a bush. One of the five women in the piece is wearing an ornate costume, and Trendall states that she must be the leader of the chorus, but besides the costuming of this individual little suggests a theatre scene at all. The reliance on the costume evidence is put into question because the lower half of all the figures was lost and restored by a contemporary scholar. Here, Trendalls argument is weakly supported. Another vase with vague theatrical elements is pinned to something more concrete by Trendall (Trendall 1971 p. 63). The Attic red-figured pelike (450-440 B. C. , Boston 63. 663) shows an ornately costumed individual being tied to a pole by a black servant. Trendall points out that the vase may well represent memories of the same production of Sophocles Andromeda. Not appreciably clear is the manner in which Trendall reaches this conclusion. To be sure, the figure is likely to be Andromeda, but there is no way of suggesting that the image was inspired by an actual production. Boardman describes a scene with three satyrs as perhaps being theatrical. The neck-amphora by the Charmides Painter (c. 470 B. C. , Boston 76. 46) shows the satyrs in a small procession in what might be a skit (Boardman 1975, p. 95). The possibility that the satyrs may be a part of the activities of Dionysus is not considered, and the back of the vase is also ignored by Boardman. Fairly consistently Boardman describes both sides of the vases in his Athenian Red Figure Vases: the Archaic Period, but here, with the unusual depiction of a fourth satyr with his back to the viewer, only half of the vase is discussed. Also lost in Boardmans photograph is the radiance of the old satyrs white hair. The museum briefly describes the reverse side, but only side A is open to the public. Interestingly, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston takes a more liberal position han that of Trendall on an Attic black-figured skyphos of the Heron Group (500-490 B. C. Boston 20. 18). The museum claims that the men riding dolphins and ostriches are members of a chorus, while the only evidence of a theatrical scene is the flute player on both sides of the vase. Trendall, who freely assigns theatrical importance to many vague vases, sees that pinning the vase to theatre is only a possibility (Trendall 1971, p. 22). He does mention the chance that the image is one of a chorus and an early comic actor, however. The black-figured vase is the most unusual in this analysis and is understandably difficult to ink to the Greek theatre. Again in this instance, Boardman ignores the reverse side of a cup by the Telephos Painter (470-460 B. C. , Boston 95. 30) and asserts that the satyrs and the maenads of the first side may be theatrical, but he gives no definitive response. Here, a look at the reverse side of the vase would reveal Dionysus, and yet the only evidence Boardman uses to imply a theatrical subject matter is the flying drapery of the maenads (Boardman 1975, p. 196). He ignores also the presence of a flute player, a detail Trendall would not have missed. The last vase of this discussion is a kalyx-krater by the Dokimasia Painter (460 B. C. , Boston 63. 1246). The vase depicts the deaths of Agamemnon and of Aegisthus with Clytemnestra present in both. Upon an examination of this piece the observer notices that the costumes are not quite as elaborate as some other depictions of Greek tragedy, and the characters lack the decorated boots that are often worn by tragic actors. Nevertheless, these observations are put aside because the subject matter of this particular vase is made quite clear. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston neatly describes the large specimen as being scenes from the Orestea. A dilemma presents itself with this description. The Agamemnon was first performed several years after the creation of the kalyx-krater, so the play did not exist when the vase was painted. Clearly, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston has made a serious error. John Boardman confirms this discovery: The Agamemnon, with the king enveloped in a cloth, recalls Aeschylus treatment of the story, but on conventional dating the vase is earlier than the production of the Agamemnon (456 B. C. ), and we should therefore suppose this version of the story to be the invention of an earlier poet (Boardman 1975, p. 137). The realization that even the most credible authorities must be scrutinized is otentially unsettling for any historian. Even the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston reports faulty information. In this case, the correct information was published over twenty years ago by at least one author, and still the facts have yet to surface at the museum. Perhaps this gross error is the only one of its kind in the Greek vase exhibit in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f , .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f .postImageUrl , .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f , .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f:hover , .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f:visited , .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f:active { border:0!important; } .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f:active , .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u07c5265fcd4db1a9f7bb1bc3c741ba3f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American Revolutionary War EssayConsidering the small sample size of this research, that possibility is highly unlikely. What is likely is that all sources that deal with Greek vases, especially in the context of theatre history, contain misleading data and should be handled with some discretion. Unfortunately, false and misleading information will always be present in some form in the body of research, and the job of the conscientious researcher becomes more significant in the light of this fact. Ultimately, the reward for questioning the validity of all data is the historical description that is closest to the truth. Finding the truth of the nature of Greek theatre by examining the vases is probably impossible, but a better history can certainly be developed. In the spirit of this pursuit a researcher must make several important considerations specific to the area of Greek vases. The vases, first of all, were objects of ommercial value and the scenes painted on them were made attractive to buyers. Many of the vases dealing with theatrical subjects were unearthed in Southern Italy, Sicily and other Mediterranean lands because the Greeks exported the images that had lost some popularity in Greece itself but were just beginning to be popular in other areas. So much of the extant vases that can be used for research into ancient Greek theatre are not actually from Greece, and the many revivals of the Greek plays may have been represented by foreign artists. And there is no evidence that any painter actually saw a play before painting on a ase. This information should compel cautious searching. Further problems arise with investigations into the tragedies. Unlike the vases depicting comedies, there is no evidence of tragic actors acting on a vase, rather they are always in realities of the play. This makes linking comedy scenes rather easy and tragic ones more difficult. Of course, not even half of all the Greek plays are illustrated in any manner on pottery. Even by the most generous estimates the illustrations cover only 40 of the 82 plays of Aeschylus, 37 of the 123 plays of Sophocles, and 48 of the 87 plays of Euripides (Trendall 1971, p. 1). Another problem associated with this particular body of research lies in the dating of the vases. Until the 5th c. B. C. ating is based upon stylistic changes in the artwork, and the vases and other works are loosely attached to an absolute calendar date. As Cook points out, absolute dating is precarious (Cook 1972, p. 268). The dating through the 4th c. B. C. and beyond becomes much more accurate with the more complete accounts of the potters and painters of the time. As explained earlier with the vase concerning the death of Agamemnon, the difference of just four years in the dating may lead to completely different ets of data. For a good chronology see Cook 1972, pp. 66-7. The observations and problems associated with this particular research project will be helpful to future researchers. The scope of this project was limited chiefly by time and by the inexperience of the undergraduate researchers in the field of Greek vases. The first and most resilient obstacle was the seemingly subjective nature of the analyses made by various experts. At many times, the position of the authors could not be disputed for lack of background in the subject area. Seeing the vases personally was the most beneficial aspect of this esearch. The first problem in this area is finding the vases of interest, and without any assistance from the museum other than the accession number this task becomes one of trial and error. Once the piece is found, of course, the efforts are worthwhile. Evidence of restorations, forgeries, inscriptions, and the fading line details were all available to the viewer, and the value of examining the primary work cannot be under estimated. The colors of these vases are really quite impressive and may serve to highlight important figures in the theatrical scenes. This distinction is lost in the photographs. As with any body of research there are some important problems to consider, but these issues can be resolved. When they are a newer, more complete body of information is made available to the public, and a fuller understanding of the nature of the Greek theatre is made possible. As Green suggests, perhaps the vases are most valuable to the 20th century as an aid to modern imagination. Certainly, as long as the authority of the experts is kept in check with new approaches and questions, then the vitality of research into the history of the Greek theatre will continue.